CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A... BACKGROUND
..A direct object is noun or pronoun that
receives the action of a verb or show the result of the action. It answers the
question “what/” or “whom?” after in action verb. An action verb with a direct
object is called a transitive verb
Indirect object can be defined as the
noun or pronoun who received something from someone or who received object from
subject.
B. PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. What
is direct object, indirect object and adjuct ?
2. What
is characteristic of direct object,indirect object and adjunct ?
CHAPTER II
Direct object,Indirect
object, and Adjunct
A.
Direct object
1.
Definition of direct object
A direct object is noun or pronoun that
receives the action of a verb or show the result of the action. It answers the
question “what/” or “whom?” after in action verb. An action verb with a direct
object is called a transitive verb.
Examples:
a.
Farhan feds the chicken
S AV DO
A direct object can be found by asking whom? Or what? About an action
verb.
b.
Yono fixes computers.
Try this technique when determining the location
of the direct object in the above sentence;
First locate the subject and verb in the sentence. The subject in the
above sentence is “Yono” and the verb is “Fixes”
What does the subject, Yono,
fix? Yono fixes computer.
A direct object is never an adverb or the object of a preposition.
Example:
Joni moved chair DO
Joni moved quickly adverb
Joni moved to medan. Prepositional
phrase
The
following table shows more examples of this pattern
subject
|
verb
|
Direct object
|
The tourists
|
visited
|
The old temple
|
she
|
sent
|
A postcard
|
The detectives
|
examined
|
The scene of the crime
|
2.
..Rules of identfyng direct object
Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:27) stated that
there are some grammatical rules refer to the direct object, namely as follow:
a.
The direct object normally comes
after the verb
Example: Carter has
been photographing (V) light bulbs (DO) lately.
b.
Some pronouns have a distinctive
form when they function as direct object
she phoned us (DO) earlier this evening
we phoned her (DO) earlier this
evening
c.
If the subject and direct object
refer to the same person or thing, the direct object is a reflexive pronoun.
The children hid themselves.
d.
When we turn an active sentence
into a passive sentence, the direct object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentences;
Active: The
tests revealed traces of anthrax (DO)
Passive: Traces
of anthrax (S) were revealed by the tests.
B.
Indirect object
1.
..Definition indirect object
Indirect object can be defined as the noun or
pronoun who received something from someone or who received object from
subject.
When a verb has two objects, the first object is the indirect object
and a second object is the direct object. But if the direct object is used
first, then the preposition 'to' or
'for' should be added after the
direct object.
Indirect
object in a sentence can be placed after the direct object by adding the
preposition ‘to’ or ‘for’ in front of him.
1. He bought his
nephew a new bicycle.
He bought a new
bicycle for his nephew.
2. David showed Jean
his stamp collection.
David showed
his stamp collection to Jean.
Example:
1.
She gave the letter to him
Letter answers
the question “what?” = so it is the direct object.
Him answers the
question “to whom?”, = so it is the indirect object.
2.
We told mom
a lie
Lie answer the question “what?” =
so it is the direct Object
Mom answer the question “ to whom?” =
so it is the indirect Object
2.
Characteristics of indirect object
There are some
characteristics of indirect object, they are:
a.
Indirect object precedes the
direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and
who is received the direct object.
b.
They cannot occur witout following
a direct object.
Example: Lady gaga gave
my son (what did Lady gaga give to your son?) so, it will produce an incomplete
sentence without direct object.
c.
Indirect objects are usually found
with distransitive verbs like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer.
d.
An Indirect object is always a
noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase.
Example: she gave me
the report (who received the report? Me)
e.
Indirect object in active sentence
can become subject in passive sentence
Example: my brother
show my friends a nice picture by my brother (passive).
C.
..Adjunct
1.
Definition of adjunct
According to Aarts (2001;19), adjunct is a
final grammatical function of a sentence. Subject considered as the first
grammatical function, predicate, as the second grammatical function, predicator
as the third grammatical function, indirect object as the fifth grammatical
function, and adjunct considered as the final grammatical function. Consider
the following sentence that contain all those elements;
1.
Mr.Yusuf gave his son a toy
yesterday
2.
My mother borrowed our neighbor
some money last week
3.
Grandfather tells his
grandchildren a new story every night.
In this section
specially we discussed about adjunct.
Example:
1.
The girl walked slowly
2.
Imran spoke many international
languages several years ago
3.
My sister and i went to
supermarket in sabang.
The words or phrase that is italics have the
function of telling us about the how, when, whwre, or why of the situations
expressed by the respective sentences. The sentences that contain those
functions are called Adjuncts.
To make us sure, let’s us test them by
producing some certain wh-questions namely: how, when, where, and why.
a.
How did the girl walk?
b.
When did imran speak many
international languages?
c.
Where did we go to supermarket?
d.
Why did he hate English?
The answers to all those
questions above indicate to adjunct.
2.
Characteristics of adjunct
The following are some characteristics of
adjunct modified from Aarts (2001), namely:
1.
They answer the wh-questions how,
when, where and why
2.
They are always optional and
express peripheral information
3.
They can be ‘stacked’, which mean
that more than one adjunct can be appeared in a sentence below;
a.
He ate his meal quickly (how)
b.
David gave blood last week (when)
c.
Susan went to school in New York (where)
The highlighted constituents here are adjunct. From a
syntactic point of view, adjunct are optional elements, since their omission
still leaves a complete sentence;
He ate his meal quickly-he
ate his meal
David gave blood last
week-david gave blood
Examples of adjunct:
Ø The alarm went off again last night. (when)
(time adjunct-also
called “adverb of time”)
Ø Simon drinks his pints like a demon. (How)
(manner adjunct-also
called “adverb of manner)
Ø She buries all her toys wherever ollie buries his. (where)
(place adjunct-also
called “adverb of place”).
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